Impact of a complementary feeding intervention and mother's perceptions of child weight status in infants / Impacto de una intervención sobre alimentación complementaría y percepción materna del peso del hijo en lactantes

Introduction: if complementary feeding is not introduced at six months or if it is inadequate, the child's growth will be affected. Objective: to evaluate the impact of a complementary feeding intervention and the mothers' perceptions of child weight status (MPCW) on growth indicators. Method: this was a quasi-experimental intervention in 19 mother-child dyads with seven workshops given to the intervention group (IG). Mothers were asked when, why, and how food groups should be introduced according to their beliefs and experience. Growth indicators were Z-scores for length-for-age (ZLA) and weight-for-length (ZWL). MPCW was measured using the question: "do you think your child is: "a little underweight or underweight", "more or less at a normal weight", "a little overweight" or "definitely overweight"?" Number of breastfed times, number of feeding times and minimal dietary diversity was determined by two 24-hour dietary recalls. Results: mothers believed that children could eat all foods by two years of age in 52.6% of cases. In the IG, a significant change was observed in its own growth in both indicators. The average ZLA was from -0.05 ± 0.5 to -0.73 ±1.0 Z-score (p < 0.03), and the average ZWL was from 0.74 ± 0.9 to 0.29 ± 0.5 (p < 0.05). For the indicator classification weight-for-length, in the final measurement 90.0% of children from the IG were classified at a normal weight and 10.0% at overweight, while in the control group (CG) 55.6% were classified at a normal weight and 44.4% at overweight (p < 0.08). Adequate MPCW was 80.0% in the IG and 33.3% in the CG (p < 0.04). Inadequate MPCW in the IG from underestimation was 20.0% and in the CG 55.6%. Conclusion: knowledge about introducing food and having an adequate MPCW has a positive impact on growth in children

Introducción: si los alimentos complementarios no se introducen alrededor de los seis meses o se introducen inapropiadamente, el crecimiento del niño se verá afectado. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de una intervención de alimentación complementaria y la percepción materna de peso del hijo (PMPH) sobre indicadores de crecimiento. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención en 19 diadas madre-hijo de siete talleres para un grupo intervención (GI). Se preguntó a la madre cuándo, por qué y cómo introduciría los alimentos según su creencia y experiencia. Se calculó el puntaje Z longitud-edad (ZLE) y peso-longitud (ZPL). La PMPH se midió mediante la pregunta: "¿Cree que su hijo está "un poquito bajo de peso o bajo de peso", "más o menos con el peso correcto", "con un poco de sobrepeso" o "con sobrepeso"?" Se determinó el número de veces que era amamantado, el número de veces que era alimentado en un día y la diversidad alimentaria mínima usando recordatorios de 24 horas. Resultados: el 52,6% de las madres creía que su hijo podría comer todos los alimentos al cumplir dos años. En el GI se produjo un cambio significativo sobre su propio crecimiento: el promedio de ZLE pasó de -0,05 ± 0,5 a -0,73 ± 1,0 (p < 0,03). El promedio de ZPL pasó de 0,74 ± 0,9 a 0,29 ± 0,5 (p < 0,05); en el grupo control (GC) no se observaron diferencias significativas. Por clasificación del indicador PL, medición final, el 90.0% del GI presentó peso normal y el 10,0% presentó sobrepeso; en el GC, un 55,6% tuvo peso normal y un 44,4%, sobrepeso (p < 0,08). La PMPH adecuada fue de 80,0% en el GI y de 33,3% en el control (p < 0,04). En el GI, la subestimación fue del 20,0% y en el GC, del 55,6%. Conclusión: el conocimiento sobre la introducción de alimentos y el mantenimiento de una PMPH adecuada tiene un impacto positivo en el crecimiento infantil

Impact of a complementary feeding intervention and mother's perceptions of child weight status in infants.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: if complementary feeding is not introduced at six months or if it is inadequate, the child's growth will be affected. Objective: to evaluate the impact of a complementary feeding intervention and the mothers' perceptions of child weight status (MPCW) on growth indicators. Method: this was a quasi-experimental intervention in 19 mother-child dyads with seven workshops given to the intervention group (IG). Mothers were asked when, why, and how food groups should be introduced according to their beliefs and experience. Growth indicators were Z-scores for length-for-age (ZLA) and weight-for-length (ZWL). MPCW was measured using the question: "do you think your child is: 'a little underweight or underweight', 'more or less at a normal weight', 'a little overweight' or 'definitely overweight'?" Number of breastfed times, number of feeding times and minimal dietary diversity was determined by two 24-hour dietary recalls. Results: mothers believed that children could eat all foods by two years of age in 52.6% of cases. In the IG, a significant change was observed in its own growth in both indicators. The average ZLA was from -0.05 ± 0.5 to -0.73 ±1.0 Z-score (p < 0.03), and the average ZWL was from 0.74 ± 0.9 to 0.29 ± 0.5 (p < 0.05). For the indicator classification weight-for-length, in the final measurement 90.0% of children from the IG were classified at a normal weight and 10.0% at overweight, while in the control group (CG) 55.6% were classified at a normal weight and 44.4% at overweight (p < 0.08). Adequate MPCW was 80.0% in the IG and 33.3% in the CG (p < 0.04). Inadequate MPCW in the IG from underestimation was 20.0% and in the CG 55.6%. Conclusion: knowledge about introducing food and having an adequate MPCW has a positive impact on growth in children.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: si los alimentos complementarios no se introducen alrededor de los seis meses o se introducen inapropiadamente, el crecimiento del niño se verá afectado. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de una intervención de alimentación complementaria y la percepción materna de peso del hijo (PMPH) sobre indicadores de crecimiento. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental de intervención en 19 diadas madre-hijo de siete talleres para un grupo intervención (GI). Se preguntó a la madre cuándo, por qué y cómo introduciría los alimentos según su creencia y experiencia. Se calculó el puntaje Z longitud-edad (ZLE) y peso-longitud (ZPL). La PMPH se midió mediante la pregunta: "¿Cree que su hijo está 'un poquito bajo de peso o bajo de peso', 'más o menos con el peso correcto', 'con un poco de sobrepeso' o 'con sobrepeso'?" Se determinó el número de veces que era amamantado, el número de veces que era alimentado en un día y la diversidad alimentaria mínima usando recordatorios de 24 horas. Resultados: el 52,6% de las madres creía que su hijo podría comer todos los alimentos al cumplir dos años. En el GI se produjo un cambio significativo sobre su propio crecimiento: el promedio de ZLE pasó de -0,05 ± 0,5 a -0,73 ± 1,0 (p < 0,03). El promedio de ZPL pasó de 0,74 ± 0,9 a 0,29 ± 0,5 (p < 0,05); en el grupo control (GC) no se observaron diferencias significativas. Por clasificación del indicador PL, medición final, el 90.0% del GI presentó peso normal y el 10,0% presentó sobrepeso; en el GC, un 55,6% tuvo peso normal y un 44,4%, sobrepeso (p < 0,08). La PMPH adecuada fue de 80,0% en el GI y de 33,3% en el control (p < 0,04). En el GI, la subestimación fue del 20,0% y en el GC, del 55,6%. Conclusión: el conocimiento sobre la introducción de alimentos y el mantenimiento de una PMPH adecuada tiene un impacto positivo en el crecimiento infantil.

Poor breastfeeding, complementary feeding and dietary diversity in children and their relationship with stunting in rural communities.

INTRODUCTION: stunted growth is the most common manifestation of malnutrition in México. Breastfeeding, adequate introduction of complementary feeding and dietary diversity can avoid this. OBJECTIVE: to characterize the feeding practices in children 1-24 months of age in rural communities of Hidalgo and define their relationship with stunting. METHODS: a 24-hour recall was used to obtain information. Z-scores for length-for-age (ZLA), complementary feeding (CF) and minimal dietary diversity (MDD) were determined. The sample was divided into breastfed and not breastfed children. RESULTS: one hundred eighty nine mother-child dyads were evaluated; 59.3% were breastfed and 40.7% were not. Stunting was found in 10.1% and was identified starting at the fourth month of life. This was accompanied by early CF close to the third month (57.0%) and by a reduction in exclusive breastfeeding during the second month of life to only 30%. The proportion of not breastfed children with stunting (27.5%) was almost twice that of breastfed children (12.0%) (p < 0.03). By age, mean ZLA was different with a trend towards stunting increasing with age (p < 0.05): 1-6 months -0.463 ± 1.445; 7-12 months -0.669 ± 1.225; and 13-24 months -0.985 ± 0.917. MDD was greater in not breastfed children (69.7%) (p < 0.04) and by age greater in children 13-24 months (69.7%) (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: the feeding practices of most mothers did not meet WHO recommendations. It is necessary to carry out nutrition education interventions aimed at mothers in rural population.

Poor breastfeeding, complementary feeding and dietary diversity in children and their relationship with stunting in rural communities / Pobre lactancia materna, alimentación complementaria y diversidad de la dieta, y su relación con la baja talla en comunidades rurales

Introduction: stunted growth is the most common manifestation of malnutrition in México. Breastfeeding, adequate introduction of complementary feeding and dietary diversity can avoid this. Objective: to characterize the feeding practices in children 1-24 months of age in rural communities of Hidalgo and define their relationship with stunting. Methods: a 24-hour recall was used to obtain information. Z-scores for length-for-age (ZLA), complementary feeding (CF) and minimal dietary diversity (MDD) were determined. The sample was divided into breastfed and not breastfed children Results: one hundred eighty nine mother-child dyads were evaluated; 59.3% were breastfed and 40.7% were not. Stunting was found in 10.1% and was identified starting at the fourth month of life. This was accompanied by early CF close to the third month (57.0%) and by a reduction in exclusive breastfeeding during the second month of life to only 30%. The proportion of not breastfed children with stunting (27.5%) was almost twice that of breastfed children (12.0%) (p < 0.03). By age, mean ZLA was different with a trend towards stunting increasing with age (p < 0.05): 1-6 months -0.463 ± 1.445; 7-12 months -0.669 ± 1.225; and 13-24 months -0.985 ± 0.917. MDD was greater in not breastfed children (69.7%) (p < 0.04) and by age greater in children 13-24 months (69.7%) (p < 0.02). Conclusions: the feeding practices of most mothers did not meet WHO recommendations. It is necessary to carry out nutrition education interventions aimed at mothers in rural population

Introducción: el retraso en el crecimiento es la forma más común de desnutrición en México. La lactancia materna, la introducción adecuada de alimentos complementarios y la diversidad en la dieta pueden evitarla. Objetivo: caracterizar las prácticas de alimentación de niños de 1-24 meses de comunidades rurales de Hidalgo y determinar su relación con baja talla. Métodos: se aplicó un recordatorio de 24 horas para obtener la información. Se determinó la puntuación Z longitud para la edad (ZLE), alimentación complementaria (AC) y diversidad alimentaria mínima (DAM). La muestra fue dividida en niños amamantados y no amantados. Resultados: se evaluaron 189 diadas madre-hijo, 59.3% fueron amamantados y 40,7% no lo fueron. La baja talla fue del 10,1%, identificada a partir del cuarto mes, acompañada de AC precoz cerca del tercer mes (57,0%) y la disminución de la lactancia materna exclusiva durante el segundo mes de edad a solo 30%. La proporción de niños no amamantados con baja talla (27,5%) fue más del doble que los niños amamantados (12,0%) (p < 0,03). Por edad, las medias de ZLE fueron diferentes con tendencia hacia la baja talla, aumentando con la edad (p < 0,05): 1-6 meses, -0,463 ± 1,445; 7-12 meses, -0,669 ± 1,225; y 13-24 meses, -0,985 ± 0,917. La DAM fue mayor en los niños no amamantados (67,1%) (p < 0,04) y, por edad, mayor en niños de 13-24 meses (69,7%) (p < 0,02). Conclusión: las prácticas de alimentación en la mayoría de las madres evaluadas no cumplen con las recomendaciones de la WHO. Se recomienda realizar intervenciones educativas nutricionales dirigidas a las madres

Eating disorder symptomatology: Comparative study between Mexican and Canadian university women / Sintomatología de trastornos alimentarios: Estudio comparativo entre mujeres universitarias mexicanas y canadienses

Abstract The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare Mexican and Canadian university students regarding disordered eating behaviors (DEB), body thin-ideal internalization (BTHIN), and body image dissatisfaction (BID); and (2) to examine the relationship of these three variables to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). This cross-cultural study was carried out in a sample of 129 university women students aged from 18 to 25 years (M = 20.18, SD =1.59): 52% were Canadian (Moncton University [MU]) and 48% were Mexican (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo [UAEH]). The Brief Questionnaire for Disordered Eating Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire were applied while the BID was evaluated using a continuum of nine silhouettes. In addition, the weight, height and WC of each participant were recorded. Mexican students had greater values of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and DEB, with 4.6 times greater risk than UM students. In contrast, the presence of BTHIN and BID was similar between samples. Considering these findings, women from at least two different ethnic groups are vulnerable to the development of eating disorder symptomatology.

Resumen Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1) comparar entre estudiantes universitarias mexicanas vs. canadienses respecto a conductas alimentarias de riesgo (CAR), interiorización de la figura corporal delgada (IFCD) e insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (ISC); y 2) examinar la relación de esas tres variables con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la circunferencia de cintura (CC). En este estudio transcultural participaron 129estudiantes universitarias de 18 a 25 años de edad (M = 20.18, DE =1.59): 52% canadienses (Universidad de Moncton [UM]) y 48% mexicanas (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo [UAEH]). Fueron aplicados el Cuestionario Breve para medir Conductas Alimentarias de Riesgo y el Attitudes Towards Body Figure Questionnaire, mientras que la ISC se evaluó mediante un continuo de nueve siluetas. Además se registró el peso, la talla y la CC de cada participante. Las estudiantes mexicanas registraron significativamente mayor presencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, obesidad abdominal y CAR, con 4.6 veces mayor riesgo que las estudiantes de la UM. Por el contrario, la presencia de IFCD y de ISC fue similar entre las muestras. Con base en estos hallazgos se puede concluir que las mujeres de dos grupos étnicos diferentes son vulnerables al desarrollo de sintomatología de trastornos alimentarios.

Disordered eating behaviors in Mexican patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus / Conductas alimentarias de riesgo en pacientes mexicanos con y sin diabetes mellitus tipo 2

The aim of this work was to compare the distribution of disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in Mexican adult patients, with and without type 2 diabetes. A cross-sectional descriptive and comparative field research was carried out in a sample of 169 subjects (54% females; 46% males) with a mean age of 47.9 years. The sample was matched in two groups: patients with type 2 diabetes and patients without diabetes. DEB were assessed with a valid Mexican scale named EFRATA (Escala de Factores de Riesgo Asociados a Trastornos Alimentarios). Results confirmed significant differences in food and weight concern (t = 4.15, df 152.09, p = 0.000), normal eating behavior (t = 4.03, df 151.45, p = 0.000) and emotional eating (t = 1.93, df 160.76, p < 0.05), EFRATA's factors in which diabetic subjects obtained higher values in comparison with no diabetic patients. Subjects without diabetes achieved higher value only in binge eating behavior with statistically significant difference (t = 2.11, df 128.8, p < 0.05) in contrast with diabetic patients. Since these findings have been open the possibility to propose specific strategies that encourage healthy eating behaviors, both in adult patients with and without diabetes.

El objetivo de este estudio consistió en comparar la distribución de conductas alimentarias de riesgo en pacientes mexicanos adultos con y sin diabetes tipo 2. Se efectuó un estudio de campo de tipo descriptivo y comparativo en una muestra de 169 sujetos (54% mujeres; 46% hombres) con una media de edad de 47,9 años. Los sujetos fueron divididos en 2 grupos: pacientes con diabetes y pacientes sin diabetes. Para medir las conductas alimentarias de riesgo se empleó la Escala de Factores de Riesgo Asociados a Trastornos Alimentarios (EFRATA). Los resultados confirmaron diferencias significativas en preocupación por el peso y la comida (t = 4,15, df 152,09, p = 0,000), conducta alimentaria normal (t = 4,03, df 151,45, p = 0,000) y en comer por compensación psicológica (t = 1,93, df 160,76, p < 0,05), factores de la EFRATA en los que los pacientes diabéticos registraron valores más altos. En contraste con los pacientes diabéticos, los sujetos sin diabetes alcanzaron el valor más alto con diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el factor comer compulsivo (t = 2,11, df 128,8, p < 0,05). A partir de estos hallazgos se abre la posibilidad de proponer estrategias puntuales que favorezcan conductas alimentarias saludables, tanto para pacientes adultos diabéticos como sin diabetes.

[Odds ratio between sociocultural factors, body dissatisfaction, and body mass index in university students of Hidalgo, Mexico]. / Asociación de impacto entre factores socioculturales, insatisfacción corporal, e indice de masa corporal en estudiantes universitarios de Hidalgo, México.

After to identify risky factors involved in the prediction and prevention of eating disorders (ED), in a sample of university males and females students from an urban setting in Hidalgo. Mexico; the main purpose of this paper was to reaffirm the following assumptions: 1) Dissatisfaction with body shape is closely related to both, the influence of sociocultural factors as Body Mass Index (BMI); 2) The participating women reported more dissatisfaction with body shape, indicating greater influence of sociocultural factors than men.Transversal, descriptive and association field research was carried out in a sample of 490 students (57% females. 43% males), from 16 to 30 years old (X(-) = 19.63, SD = +/- 2.11). Multidimensional self-reported questionnaire were applied. BMI was obtained by measuring each subject's weight and height. Regarding the impact association measures obtained by Odds Ratio, there were significant association (p < 0.05) between high BMI and body image dissatisfaction. Also, statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) were found between body dissatisfaction and sociocultural factors (distress because of body image, influence of advertising, and influence of verbal messages), and between BMI and these latter, where men showed a higher risk. Findings suggest that body dissatisfaction in women, and BMI, specifically overweight in men, act like key agents of the impact of sociocultural factors in the researched sample.

Asociación de impacto entre factores socioculturales, insatisfacción corporal, e índice de masa corporal en estudiantes universitarios de Hidalgo, México

Después de identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo asociados a la predicción y prevención de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), en estudiantes, hombres y mujeres, de una universidad del sector privado de Pachuca, Hidalgo; el propósito de este estudio consistió en reafirmar las siguientes hipótesis: 1) La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, guarda estrecha relación tanto con la influencia de factores socioculturales como con el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC); 2) Las mujeres participantes, reportan más insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, e indican mayor influencia de factores socioculturales que los hombres. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, descriptivo y de asociación en una muestra a conveniencia de 490 estudiantes universitarios (57% mujeres y 43% hombres), de 16 a 30 años de edad(X=19.63, DE=± 2.11), a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario multidimensional que mide factores socioculturales e imagen corporal. Cada sujeto fue pesado y medido para obtener su IMC. A partir de las medidas de asociación de impacto obtenidas mediante Razón de Momios, los resultados arrojaron asociaciones significativas (p.

After to identify risky factors involved in the prediction and prevention of eating disorders (ED), in a sample of university males and females students from an urban setting in Hidalgo, Mexico; the main purpose of this paper was to reaffirm the following assumptions: 1) Dissatisfaction with body shape is closely related to both, the influence of sociocultural factors as Body Mass Index (BMI); 2) The participating women reported more dissatisfaction with body shape, indicating greater influence of sociocultural factors than men.Transversal, descriptive and association field research was carried out in a sample of 490 students (57% females, 43% males), from 16 to 30 years old (X¯ = 19.63, SD = ± 2.11). Multidimensional self-reported questionnaire were applied. BMI was obtained by measuring each subject’s weight and height. Regarding the impact association measures obtained by Odds Ratio, there were significant association (p.